茄科毛状体中发现的酰基糖是结构多样化的组织特异性代谢物【1-3】,这些化合物在直接或间接保护茄科免受食草动物和微生物侵害等方面起作用【4,5】,而在作物保护中引入酰基糖的植物育种策略也为对抗植食性动物提供了可能【6,7】。这些代谢物由糖核心(通常为蔗糖)与个数不同、长度各异的脂肪链通过酯键连接形成。酰基蔗糖生物合成途径主要酶为毛状体表达的BAHD家族(BEAT,AHCT,HCBT和DAT)酰基糖酰基转移酶(acylsugar acyltransferases, ASATs),利用酰基辅酶A (acyl-coenzyme A, acyl-CoA) 依次转移酰基底物到糖的特定羟基位点【1,3,8】。
栽培番茄 Solanum lycopersicum 中产生多种多样的酰基蔗糖【9,10】,主要为大量的F型酰基蔗糖(指在吡喃糖环上具有两个或三个酰化而在呋喃糖环R3'位置上单酰化的酰基蔗糖)。S.lycopersicum中酰基蔗糖生物合成网络已经表征,其具有四个ASATs (酰基蔗糖转酰基酶):SlASAT1至SlASAT4,催化连续反应以产生三酰化和四酰化蔗糖。番茄的野生近缘种(Solanum pennellii LA0716)则产生更为丰富的酰基葡萄糖和P型三酰基蔗糖(仅在吡喃糖R2、R3和R4的位置上酰化)。S. pennellii中P型酰基蔗糖由ASAT1,ASAT2和ASAT3酶的直系同源物合成。在S. pennellii中观察到的不同酰化模式是由于ASAT直系同源物底物特异性和酰化位置的改变产生的【9】。
图1:S.lycopersicum中的F-型酰基蔗糖;S. pennellii中酰基葡萄糖和P型酰基蔗糖
近日,密歇根州立大学Robert Last教授实验室在Science Advances上发表了题为 Evolution of metabolic novelty:A trichome-expressed invertase creates specialized metabolic diversity in wild tomato 的研究论文,报道了植物特化代谢转化酶--酰基蔗糖果糖呋喃糖苷酶1 (SpASFF1; Sopen03g040490)的特征,这是一种3号染色体上的β-呋喃果糖苷酶类中一种新型的特定代谢反应酶,能够水解P型但不水解F型酰基蔗糖的糖苷键。本文拓展了其酶学功能并对导致毛状体特化代谢多样性的进化机制有了新的理解,阐释了从一般性代谢酶形成细胞类型特异性代谢酶的进化依据。
研究人员经qRT-PCR分析表明,S. pennellii LA0716毛状体中ASFF1转录水平更高,随后发现S. pennellii染色体3基因座上含有一个β-果糖呋喃糖苷酶SpASFF1,是P型酰基蔗糖产生酰基葡萄糖所必需的。研究人员利用CRISPR-Cas9编辑SpASFF1基因,导致突变体丧失酰基葡萄糖积累能力。在S.lycopersicum BIL6180 (BIL6180由于4和11号染色体的基因渗入而仅产生P型酰基蔗糖)中转入SpASFF1导致转基因毛状体中酰基葡萄糖积累(图3)。用重组SpASFF1进行的体外试验证明纯化的P型S3:19(4R4,5R2,10R3)转化为同源酰基葡萄糖G3:19(4,5,10)(图4A)。相反,该酶对F型S3:22(5R4,5R3', 12R3)无活性(图4B)。这些结果表明,栽培番茄酰基蔗糖生物合成途径的后修饰导致呋喃环酰化,从而丧失了一般性代谢酶催化产生一类新的保护性化合物(即酰基葡萄糖)的能力,这也间接反映野生番茄毛状体产生多样化产物以及强大的生存能力。
图2:来自AG3.2的GH 32家族基因SpASFF1在毛状体特异性表达
图3:在BIL6180毛状体中表达SpASFF1导致重要的酰基葡萄糖的积累
图4:SpASFF1分解P型S3:19酰基蔗糖但不裂解F型S3:22酰基蔗糖。
有关GH32型β-呋喃果糖苷酶的研究较多,包括植物聚糖生物合成,细胞壁修饰和激素代谢等【11,12】。本文表明SpASFF1是一种“衍生的”β-呋喃果糖苷酶,其活性位点可以容纳酰化吡喃糖,但不能催化呋喃糖酰化的糖苷。了解SpASFF1水解P型酰基结构的结构特征可以为植物和微生物中新型特化代谢物的工程化提供信息。同时spasff1突变体系可用于了解酰基葡萄糖与酰基蔗糖对温室和田间的S. pennellii的适应性的影响。这些研究可以为作物提供工程化天然杀虫剂,拓宽我们对组织特异性代谢物在调节环境相互作用中的理解,并使我们了解支持组织特异性代谢进化的机制。
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