人类母乳：对于母乳成分和生物活性的综述

导读

母乳是婴儿的最完美的营养来源，经过上百万年的进化，最终变得十分符合婴儿的需求。母乳中含有多种复杂的蛋白质，脂质，碳水化合物。

在每一次喂养结束时，泌乳过后这些元素的浓度都会根据婴儿的需求而变化。进一步来说，为了给婴儿提供营养来源，母乳中含有大量带有生物活性的成分。这些分子都扮演着许多不同的角色，可以帮助新生儿形成免疫系统和肠道菌群。

肠道菌群的形成是根据母亲的基因型，由母乳的寡糖形成的。在此篇综述中，我们将会讨论母乳的成分和在母乳喂养过程中的影响因素。

理解母乳中的成分和作用，可以让我们对于婴儿喂养，感染时的免疫反应的理解和婴儿的疫苗接种有更好的临床应用。

摘要

Breast milk is the perfect nutrition for infants, a result of millions of years of evolution, finely attuning it to the requirements of the infant. Breast milk contains many complex proteins, lipids and carbohydrates, the concentrations of which alter dramatically over a single feed, as well as over lactation, to reflect the infant’s needs.

In addition to providing a source of nutrition for infants, breast milk contains amyriad of biologically active components. These molecules possess diverse roles, both guiding the development of the infants immune system and intestinal microbiota.

Orchestrating the development of the microbiota are the human milk oligosaccharides, the synthesis of which are determined by the maternal genotype. In this review, we discuss the composition of breast milk and the factors that affect it during the course of breast feeding.

Understanding the components of breast milk and their functions will allow for the improvement of clinical practices, infant feeding and our understanding of immune responses to infection and vaccination in infants.

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参考文献：

Andreas NJ, Kampmann B, Mehring Le-Doare K. Human breast milk: A review on its composition and bioactivity. Early Hum Dev. 2015 Nov;91(11):629-35.