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愿健康和美丽与你常伴!
说到肝炎,大家第一时间想到的恐怕就是甲肝和乙肝,顶多还能想起丙肝,戊肝估计没几个人听说过。
但是知名度低,不代表没有“杀伤力”。
沉默寡言的杀手“戊肝”,近年来已经成为了肝脏的重要大敌。
由庄辉院士牵头,诸多杰出医学者共同讨论编著的《2022戊肝防治共识》中指出:
近年来,戊型肝炎报告发病率呈上升趋势,目前戊肝报告发病数已连续10年远超甲肝,死亡率连续15年超过甲肝,其中对孕妇和老年人以及慢性肝病患者人群的危害最为严重[1]。
戊肝从未走远
HEV(“戊肝病毒”简称)是全球急性散发性病毒性肝炎的重要病因之一。
全球每年约有2000万例新发HEV感染,其中330万例有肝炎症状,2015 年死亡 44000 例,占病毒性肝炎死亡3.3%[2-3] 。
血清流行病学研究表明,全球约1/3人感染过HEV[4] 。
我国自 1982 年起即有本病流行或散发报道
1986-1988年,新疆南部地区发生戊型肝炎流行,共计发病119 280例,为迄今世界上最大的一次戊型肝炎流行[5]。
用2006年全国乙型肝炎血清流行病学调查的血清标本检测抗 -HEV 结果显示,我国普通人群抗 -HEV 流行率为23.46%[6] 。
近年来,戊型肝炎报告发病率呈上升趋势,2004年为1.27/10万,2019年升至2.02/10万[7]。
主要“病从口入”
HEV 主要经粪-口、血液、母婴和密切接触等途径传播[10]。
其中粪-口传播是HEV最常见的传播途径
包括由粪便和尿液污染水源造成水型流行[11];
由被HEV污染的食物、生食含HEV的动物内脏或肉制品,以及刀具、案板等厨具生熟不分导致 HEV 污染蔬菜和水果等引起的食源性传播[10]。
戊肝对这些人危害大
部分特殊人群如孕妇、慢性肝病患者和老年人等感染HEV后,肝损伤严重,甚至进展为急性或亚急性肝衰竭,病死率较高[12-15] 。
孕妇戊型肝炎易发生出血、子痫或急性或亚急性肝衰竭,可导致早产、流产和死胎等不良妊娠结局,病死率高达20%~25%[16-17] 。
慢性肝脏疾病如慢性乙型肝炎和肝硬化等患者感染HEV后,易发生急性、亚急性或慢加急性肝衰竭,病死率高[18-19]。
中国台湾地区报道,非肝硬化慢性乙型肝炎患者中,合并感染HEV感染占2.2%;乙型肝炎肝硬化患者合并HEV感染占2.4%,乙型肝炎肝硬化合并感染HEV患者的1年病死率显著高于非合并感染者(30%对比0, P >
荟萃分析显示,慢性乙型肝炎住院患者的合并HEV感染率为13.6%,其中34.7%发展为重型肝炎(肝衰竭)[9]。
戊肝还可能引起
多种肝外表现
HEV感染可引起多种肝外表现,包括神经系统、血液系统、肾脏和其他免疫介导的临床表现[20-34] ,其确切的发病机制尚不清楚,可能与病毒表位与组织中自身抗原相互作用,以及HEV在肝外组织中复制有关。
神经系统表现最为常见,包括格林-巴利综合征、神经性肌肉萎缩、脑炎、脊髓炎、肌炎、前庭神经炎、周围神经炎和面神经麻痹等[28-33]。
其次是肾脏表现,包括肾损伤、膜增生性肾小球肾炎和冷球蛋白血症等[35-37] 。
HEV可引起多种血液系统表现,如血小板减少症、自身免疫性溶血性贫血、再生障碍性贫血、溶血性贫血等[38-40]。
戊肝如何预防
1、确保公共供水设施的质量标准、注意饮水卫生、大力开展宣传教育、搞好环境卫生、饮食卫生,消灭苍蝇,切断传播途径。
2、接种戊肝疫苗是预防戊肝最为直接有效的措施。迄今为止,世界范围内只有一种戊肝疫苗获准上市,即来自我国研发的重组戊肝疫苗。
戊肝疫苗适用于16岁及以上易感人群。
推荐用于戊型肝炎病毒感染的重点高风险人群,如畜牧养殖者、餐饮业人员、学生或部队官兵、育龄期妇女、疫区旅行者等[41]。
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[41] 重组戊型肝炎疫苗(大肠埃希菌)说明书
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