在巴西参加G20峰会的阿根廷总统米莱,在百忙之中接受了Podcast主持人弗里德曼长达两小时的专访,阐述了其经济政治理念,以及如何在上任一年内克服改革阻力,使阿根廷开始走出滞胀的泥潭,又不引发社会的危机。我相信,其代表的自由主义理念,在未来数年在世界范围内将得到越来越多的回响。
《经济学人》|哈维尔·米莱:
"我对国家机器的蔑视是无限的"
作者 | 哈维尔·米莱
阿根廷总统受到川普右翼的崇拜。他们应该更好地了解他。
不少美国人期待新一届川普政府能对臃肿不堪、权力横行的政府部门挥动改革利刃,大幅削减支出,放松管制束缚。全球政府债务在金融危机(2007-09年)和疫情的双重冲击下已持续攀升了二十年,在这样的背景下,这一目标是否还能实现,已成为牵动美国乃至全球的重大问题。如果要寻找答案,如果要探索如何驯服这头失控的政府巨兽,我们不妨将目光投向华盛顿以南5000英里处的一场非同寻常实验。
哈维尔·米莱担任阿根廷总统已有一年。他在竞选时挥舞电锯,但他的经济计划是认真的,是自撒切尔主义以来最激进的自由市场改革方案之一。这带来了风险,不仅因为阿根廷动荡的历史,还因为米莱爆炸性的个性。但其中的经验教训也同样引人注目。
左派憎恨他,川普派的右翼拥抱他,但他实际上都不属于这两个阵营。他证明了国家机器的持续扩张并非不可避免。他是对机会主义民粹主义(如唐纳德·川普所践行的那种)的一个原则性批判。米莱信奉自由贸易和自由市场,而非保护主义;主张财政纪律,而非肆意借贷;他不会编织讨好民众的幻想,而是残酷地说出公开的事实。
几十年来,阿根廷一直深陷困境,政府大肆分配恩惠,政客们欺骗民众,央行靠印钞票来掩盖裂痕。为了控制通货膨胀,政府采取了一系列价格管制、多重汇率和资本管制措施。它是现代经济史上迄今唯一一个从发达国家地位跌回中等收入水平的国家。
米莱当选时获得了扭转这种衰退的授权。他的电锯实质上削减了近三分之一的公共支出,将部委数量减半,并实现了预算盈余。他大幅削减了繁文缛节,使从房屋租赁到航空业的市场获得自由。结果令人鼓舞。月度通货膨胀率从13%降至3%。投资者对违约风险的评估降低了一半。饱受打击的经济显示出复苏迹象。
令人着迷的是这些数字背后的哲学理念。米莱常常被错误地归类于川普、法国和德国的极右翼或匈牙利的欧尔班等民粹主义领导人。实际上,他来自一个不同的传统。作为开放市场和个人自由的真正信徒,他对经济自由怀有近乎宗教般的热忱,对SHZY充满仇恨,正如他在本周接受我们采访时所说,对国家机器怀有"无限"的蔑视。他不推行产业政策和关税,而是促进与不干涉阿根廷国内事务的私营企业(包括中国企业)进行贸易。他是一个崇拜玛格丽特·撒切尔的小政府共和党人——一个濒危物种的狂热代表。他的民调支持率正在上升,在任期的这个阶段,他在阿根廷的受欢迎程度超过了他的近期前任。
但别被眼前的成绩蒙蔽了双眼,米莱的改革实验依然危机四伏。紧缩政策已让贫困率从去年的40%飙升至2024年上半年的53%。如果改革阻力不断加大,而贝隆主义反对派又成功凝聚力量,米莱的施政蓝图可能难以为继。更大的挑战还在后面:一旦他着手取消资本管制,让估值虚高的比索走向自由浮动,投资者信心将面临严峻考验——货币暴跌不仅会让市场神经紧绷,还可能引发新一轮通胀飙升。此外,米莱本人的特立独行也埋下了隐忧,他可能会陷入性别议题和气候变化等文化战争的漩涡,从而偏离振兴阿根廷经济这一根本使命。
尽管如此,虽然阿根廷是一个非常特殊的国家,但米莱的第一年对世界其他地方(包括他在美国的仰慕者和批评者)仍有借鉴意义。以国家机器的扩张为例。全球公共债务从20年前占GDP的70%上升到今年的93%,到2030年将达到100%。债务不仅困扰着富裕国家,也困扰印度和他一样的国家都存在巨额赤字。
金融危机和疫情提高了借贷水平,并造成了一种认知:当人们处于逆境时,政府总会介入。许多国家面临着人口老龄化带来的医疗保健和养老金成本上升问题。监管似乎只会不断积累。各国政府对如何打破这个循环束手无策。在一些地方,比如法国,这样做的前景可能会引发政治混乱。
米莱的部分政策措施较为技术性。为了削减开支,他要求政府各部门削减采购、行政费用和薪资开支,而非削减对最贫困群体的现金转移。他意识到,控制养老金支出至关重要,因为人口老龄化吞噬了预算的大部分,这一财政现实是许多国家尚未正视的问题。在执政过程中,他学会了在信念中加入一剂务实的成分。他为阿根廷设定了方向,但将立法谈判交给了他的团队,并要求经验丰富的部长们来监管经济,尤其是他的去监管大臣费德里科·斯图尔岑内格尔。
大自我,小政府
也许最大的经验教训是关于勇气和连贯性。无论喜欢与否,米莱的政策彼此呼应,这放大了它们的效果。与川普不同,他不会一边承诺释放市场和消费者的力量,一边又承诺保护企业免受竞争。通过赢得艰难但至关重要的改革之争,他表明那些习惯了被粉饰过的陈词滥调的选民实际上可以接受严峻的事实。
米莱,这个穿着机车夹克、高喊"无政府资本主义"口号、脾气暴躁的人,是个不太可能的救世主,他可能无法拯救阿根廷。但他试图连贯和系统地应对一个几乎普遍存在问题的极端表现,这种尝试值得全世界密切关注。包括白宫。■
Javier Milei: “My contempt for the state is infinite”
Many people in America hope that the new Trump administration will take an axe to a bloated and overbearing government, cutting spending and rolling back regulation. Whether this goal is even plausible any more is a crucial question for America and the world, after two decades in which government debt globally has risen relentlessly, fuelled by the financial crisis of 2007-09 and the pandemic. For an answer, and a case study of taming an out-of-control Leviathan, head 5,000 miles south from Washington, where an extraordinary experiment is under way.
在美国,许多人希望新一届川普政府能够拿起大刀,削减膨胀且霸道的政府开支,回滚过多的管制。然而,这一目标是否仍然可行,是一个对美国乃至全球都至关重要的问题。过去二十年里,全球政府债务持续上升,尤其是受到2007-09年金融危机和疫情的推动。为了寻找答案,以及作为治理失控的“利维坦”案例的研究,可以向南飞行5000英里,前往一个正在进行的非凡实验地。
Javier Milei has been president of Argentina for a year. He campaigned wielding a chainsaw, but his economic programme is serious and one of the most radical doses of free-market medicine since Thatcherism. It comes with risks, if only because of Argentina’s history of instability and Mr Milei’s explosive personality. But the lessons are striking, too.
哈维尔·米莱已担任阿根廷总统一年。他竞选时以电锯为象征,但他的经济政策却是严肃的,堪称自撒切尔主义以来最激进的自由市场治疗方法之一。虽然阿根廷历史上长期的动荡以及米莱本人爆炸性的个性使这一政策面临风险,但他的做法也具有显著的示范意义。
The left detests him and the Trumpian right embraces him, but he truly belongs to neither group. He has shown that the continual expansion of the state is not inevitable. And he is a principled rebuke to opportunistic populism, of the sort practised by Donald Trump. Mr Milei believes in free trade and free markets, not protectionism; fiscal discipline, not reckless borrowing; and, instead of spinning popular fantasies, brutal public truth-telling.
左翼对他深恶痛绝,川普式的右翼则拥抱他,但他真正属于这两者之外。他已经证明,国家的不断扩张并非不可避免。他是对机会主义民粹主义,像川普那种形式的民粹主义,的原则性反击。米莱信奉自由贸易和自由市场,而非保护主义;信奉财政纪律,而非盲目借贷;并且他不像其他政治人物那样编造大众幻想,而是直接讲述残酷的公共真相。
Argentina has been in trouble for decades, with a state that handed out patronage, politicians who lied and a central bank that printed money to paper over the cracks. To control inflation, its governments resorted to a blizzard of price controls, multiple exchange rates and capital controls. It is so far the only country in modern economic history to have tumbled from rich-world status back into the middle-income bracket.
阿根廷几十年来一直处于困境中,国家给出政治庇护,政客撒谎,而中央银行则通过印钞来掩盖经济漏洞。为控制通胀,历届政府不得不实施一系列价格管制、多个汇率和资本管制。阿根廷是现代经济史上唯一一个从富裕国家地位跌回中等收入国家行列的国家。
Mr Milei was elected with a mandate to reverse this decline. His chainsaw has cut public spending by almost a third in real terms, halved the number of ministries and engineered a budget surplus. There has been a bonfire of red tape, liberating markets from housing rentals to airlines. The results are encouraging. Inflation has fallen from 13% month on month to 3%. Investors’ assessment of the risk of default has halved. A battered economy is showing signs of recovery.
米莱在选举中获得了扭转这一衰退趋势的授权。他的“电锯”削减了几乎三分之一的公共开支,实际削减了半数的政府部门,且实现了财政盈余。与此同时,他废除了繁琐的监管规定,解放了从住房租赁到航空公司等各个市场。结果令人鼓舞,通胀从每月13%降至3%。投资者对违约风险的评估已经减半。受困的经济也开始显示出复苏的迹象。
What is fascinating is the philosophy behind the figures. Mr Milei is often wrongly lumped in with populist leaders such as Mr Trump, the hard right in France and Germany or Viktor Orban in Hungary. In fact he comes from a different tradition. A true believer in open markets and individual liberty, he has a quasi-religious zeal for economic freedom, a hatred of socialism and, as he told us in an interview this week, “infinite” contempt for the state. Instead of industrial policy and tariffs, he promotes trade with private firms that do not interfere in Argentina’s domestic affairs, including Chinese ones. He is a small-state Republican who admires Margaret Thatcher—a messianic example of an endangered species. His poll ratings are rising and, at this point in his term, he is more popular in Argentina than his recent predecessors were.
更为迷人的是他背后哲学的内涵。米莱经常被错误地与民粹主义领袖,如川普、法国和德国的极右翼或匈牙利的维克托·欧尔班相提并论。实际上,他来自一种不同的传统。他是真正的开放市场和个人自由的信徒,对于经济自由有着几乎宗教般的热忱,痛恨社会主义,正如他本周接受采访时所说的:“对国家的蔑视是无尽的”。米莱提倡与不干涉阿根廷内政的私人公司(包括中国公司)进行贸易,而不是依赖工业政策和关税。他是一位小政府型的共和主义者,崇敬撒切尔——一个已濒临灭绝的典范。在他的任期初期,他的民调支持率不断上升,比起他的前任,他在阿根廷的受欢迎程度更高。
Make no mistake, the Milei experiment could still go badly wrong. Austerity has caused an increase in the poverty rate, which jumped to 53% in the first half of 2024 from 40% a year earlier. Mr Milei could struggle to govern if resistance builds and the Peronist opposition is better organised. Investor confidence will be tested if he finally removes capital controls and shifts an overvalued peso to a flexible exchange-rate regime: a currency slump could test nerves and push inflation back up. Mr Milei is an eccentric who could become distracted by culture wars over gender and climate change, and thus neglect his core mission of restoring Argentina’s economy to growth.
毫无疑问,米莱的实验仍然可能出现严重问题。紧缩政策导致贫困率上升,2024年上半年贫困率从去年同期的40%跃升至53%。如果抵抗情绪加剧,且庇隆主义反对派更为有组织,米莱可能会面临治理困难。如果他最终撤销资本管制,将被高估的比索汇率转为灵活汇率制度,那么投资者的信心将受到严峻考验:货币贬值可能引发恐慌,并推高通胀。米莱是一个具有个性的人,可能会在性别和气候变化的文化战争中分心,从而忽视恢复阿根廷经济增长的核心任务。
Nonetheless, and despite the fact that Argentina is a very unusual country, Mr Milei’s first year holds lessons for the rest of the world, including his admirers and detractors in America. Take the growth of the state. Global public debt has risen from 70% of gdp 20 years ago to 93% this year and will hit 100% by 2030. Debt is a scourge not only in rich countries but also in China and India, which are both running vast deficits.
然而,尽管阿根廷是一个非常特殊的国家,米莱的第一年仍然为世界其他国家提供了有价值的经验,包括他在美国的支持者和反对者。全球公共债务已经从20年前的GDP的70%增长到今年的93%,并预计到2030年将达到100%。债务不仅是富裕国家的问题,也是中国和印度等国的困境,它们的财政赤字也在不断扩大。
The financial crisis and the pandemic raised borrowing and created a sense that the government will always step in when people are in adversity. Many countries face rising health-care and pension costs as the population ages. Regulations only ever seem to accumulate. Governments are at a loss as to how to break the cycle. In some places, such as France, the prospect of doing so threatens political chaos.
金融危机和疫情加大了借款,并使得人们产生了这样一种感觉:政府总是会在人民陷入困境时出手相助。许多国家面临随着人口老龄化而不断上升的医疗和养老金支出。政府监管只会不断积累,政府陷入了如何打破这一循环的困境。在一些国家,比如法国,尝试打破这个循环的前景甚至威胁到政治混乱。
Some of Mr Milei’s lessons are technical. To cut spending he has asked government departments to slash expenses on procurement, administrative costs and salaries rather than cash transfers to the poorest. He recognised that controlling pension spending is essential because an ageing population eats up vast chunks of the budget, a fiscal reality that many countries have yet to confront. In power, he has learned to add a dose of pragmatism to his convictions. He has set the direction for Argentina, but delegates legislative horse-trading to his staff and asks skilled ministers to oversee the economy—most notably Federico Sturzenegger, his deregulation tsar.
米莱的一些经验是技术性的。为了削减开支,他要求政府部门减少采购、行政成本和薪资支出,而不是减少对贫困者的现金转移。他认识到,控制养老金支出至关重要,因为人口老龄化将吞噬大量预算,而这一财政现实是许多国家尚未直面的问题。在执政过程中,他已经学会将务实主义融入到他的信念中。他为阿根廷设定了方向,但将立法上的博弈交给了他的团队,并请来了技术型部长来管理经济,最著名的是他的去监管大臣费德里科·斯图尔岑内格尔。
Big ego, small government
Perhaps the biggest lesson is about courage and coherence. Like them or not, Mr Milei’s policies align with each other, which magnifies their effect. Unlike Mr Trump, he has not promised to unleash the power of markets and consumers in one breath, and to protect businesses from competition in the next. By winning the argument for tough but vital reform, he has shown that voters used to sugar-coated banalities can in fact be trusted with hard truths.
也许最大的教训是关于勇气和一致性。无论喜不喜欢,米莱的政策之间是相互一致的,这放大了它们的效果。与川普不同,他没有在一口气提倡释放市场和消费者的力量,接着又承诺保护企业免受竞争影响。通过为艰难但必要的改革辩护,他已经证明,习惯于甜言蜜语的选民其实可以接受严酷的真相。
Mr Milei, with his biker jackets, “anarcho-capitalist” mantra and explosive temper, is an unlikely saviour, and he may not save Argentina. But his attempt to confront, coherently and systematically, one of the most extreme incarnations of what is now a near-universal problem deserves to be watched closely around the world. Including in the White House.
米莱穿着摩托车夹克,宣扬“无政府资本主义”口号,并且脾气暴躁,显然是个不太可能的救世主,也许他并不能拯救阿根廷。但他试图有条不紊、系统地面对这一几乎全球性的最极端问题,这一努力值得全世界关注,包括白宫。
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